Across the developed world, nations across Europe and East Asia are facing persistently low, and seemingly irreversible, birth rates. Demographic change, however, has the particular disadvantage of unfolding slowly; as a result, it rarely creates a sense of urgency. Yet paradoxically, this very slowness is also an advantage: unlike other crises, we can see it coming and thus have time to act.

Nevertheless, the problem often feels distant, as populations in much of Western Europe are still growing. At the same time, many governments hesitate to respond partly because the necessary measures may prove politically unpopular. Evidence from multiple countries suggests that financial incentives, improved work-life balance, greater gender equality, and expanded access to childcare can sometimes lead to short-term fertility gains. However, these effects are typically temporary. While such measures may bring broader social benefits, e.g., to young families, they cannot be assumed to provide a lasting solution to what is arguably one of the most significant demographic challenges of our time: stabilising birthrates.

This paper provides policy recommendations divided into eleven chapters, covering the most relevant policy fields and focusing particularly on the European level.