This joint report by the Toivo Think Tank and the Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies brings together eight experts to examine the tense situation in the Baltic Sea region from the perspectives of security, the economy and the marine environment.

It explores how Russia is waging its undeclared hybrid war in the Baltic Sea, how the other Baltic Sea states together with the EU and NATO have responded, and how they are preparing for the possibility that Russia might escalate further.

The contributions paint a picture of complex tensions that pose a real threat to security, trade and nature alike. As the threat has grown, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Germany, Sweden and Denmark have moved quickly to close ranks and prepare to defend the Baltic Sea, including through new forms of co-operation with both the EU and NATO.